Trauma Part 4: Neurological bleeding presentation

The following presentation attached discussed various intra cranial bleeding presentations:
- Subdural Hematoma: resulted from a severe acceleration to deceleration occurs leading to the veins in the sub dural space tearing. CT scan will show a concave shape
- Epidural Hematoma occurs from direct trauma to the brain leading to bleeding in the meningeal artery.  CT scan will show a biconvex shape 
- Intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH) is one extension of intracerebral hemorrhage (the other is intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH)) with bleeding within brain parenchyma
- Diffuse Axonal Brain Injury is the result of traumatic shearing forces that occur when the head is rapidly accelerated or decelerated, as may occur in auto accidents, falls, and assaults. It usually results from rotational forces or severe deceleration.

Trauma Part 5: Glasgow Coma Scale

In the management of traumatic brain injuries, the most common nursing tool used is Glasgow Coma Scale( GCS) scoring. This is to measure three areas of  Central Nervous System (CNS) 
- Eye Opening Response (E) 
- Verbal Response (V) 
- Motor Response (M)

For more detailed discussion of GCS scoring, download the presentation.

Trauma Part 3: Traumatic Brain Injury

The goals of treatment for a patient with significant head injury would be to limit or prevent - 
• Hypoxia
• Hypercarbia
• Hypotension 
• Hypovolemia 
• Hypoglycemia
• Hyponatremia or Hypernatremia
• Hyperthermia

For more detailed discussion of the primary survey and secondary survey of managing traumatic brain injuries, download the presentation.